Transformasi Hukum Islam di Era Digital: Analisis Peluang dan Tantangan dalam Perspektif Fikih Kontemporer

Abstract

The rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed various aspects of human life, including the practice and development of Islamic law. Emerging phenomena such as electronic transactions, digital contracts, artificial intelligence (AI), cryptocurrency, social media, and technology-based financial services have generated legal issues that are not explicitly addressed in classical Islamic jurisprudence. This situation poses significant challenges for Islamic law in maintaining legal certainty while preserving its relevance to the dynamics of contemporary society. This study aims to analyze the transformation of Islamic law in the digital era, identify the opportunities for the development of contemporary Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), and examine the challenges encountered in adapting Islamic legal principles to technological advancements. The research employs a normative legal research method using conceptual, juridical, and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah approaches through library research based on the Qur'an, Hadith, classical and contemporary fiqh literature, fatwas, statutory regulations, and relevant scholarly publications. The findings reveal that the transformation of Islamic law in the digital era requires adaptive, contextual, and collective ijtihād to respond effectively to technological developments without compromising the fundamental principles of Islamic law. Furthermore, digitalization provides significant opportunities to enhance religious services, strengthen the Islamic digital economy, facilitate the digitalization of fatwas, and modernize the governance of Islamic legal institutions. However, it also presents several challenges, including the complexity of emerging legal issues, personal data protection, ethical concerns surrounding artificial intelligence, the validity of digital transactions, and the widespread dissemination of unverified religious information. Therefore, a contemporary fiqh approach grounded in the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah) serves as a strategic foundation for developing an Islamic legal system that is responsive, adaptive, and relevant to the ongoing advancement of digital technology.